System and method for automated data gathering for tax preparation

ABSTRACT

A computer-implemented method for gathering user-related tax data for use with tax preparation software includes a computing device executing a data capture utility configured to connect to one or more remotely located data sources, wherein the data capture utility captures user-specific tax data from the one or more remotely located data sources and stores the captured data in a data store. The computing device executes a tax logic engine configured to read data from the data store and determine the completeness of the data contained within the data store. The computing device communicates a message to the user regarding the level of completeness of the data contained within the data store.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, tax preparation software that runs on a computing device operates on a construct in which tax rules and the calculations based thereon are established in declarative data-structures, namely, completeness graph(s) and tax calculation graph(s). Use of these data-structures permits the user interface to be loosely connected or even divorced from the tax calculation engine and the data used in the tax calculations. In one embodiment, tax data pertaining to a user of the tax preparation software is acquired by a data capture utility executed by the computing device. The data capture utility connects to one or more remotely located data sources and captures and transfers at least some tax data to a data store configured to store user-specific tax data. The data capture utility is able to automatically gather and collect tax related information that is needed by the tax preparation software to compute a tax liability or refund and ultimately complete a fileable tax return. The data capture utility thus significantly reduces the amount of manually entered tax data that is required to be input into the tax preparation software. The data capture utility speeds the process of preparing a tax return by automatically collecting and then storing in a data store or repository tax data that is used by the tax preparation software.

For tax data that is not automatically collected by the data capture utility, a user interface manager associated with the tax preparation software prompts the user for entry of any remaining tax data items that were not already stored in the data store by the data capture utility. In another aspect, tax data may be estimated by the use of an estimation module that is executed by the tax preparation software. Estimated values may be arrived at using as inputs data obtained by the data capture utility.

Tax calculations can be dynamically calculated based in tax-related data that is collected from the data capture utility, input from a user, or estimated by the tax preparation software. A smart tax logic agent running on a set of rules can review current run time data and evaluate missing tax data necessary to prepare and complete a tax return. The tax logic agent proposes suggested questions to be asked to a user to fill in missing blanks. This process can be continued until completeness of all tax topics has occurred. A completed tax return (e.g., a printed tax return or an electronic tax return) can then be prepared and filed with respect to the relevant taxing jurisdictions.

In another embodiment, a computer-implemented method for capturing tax-related data for use with tax preparation software is described. The method includes a computing device connecting to one or more remotely located data sources and executing a data capture utility, the data capture utility capturing and transferring at least some tax data pertaining to the user to a data store associated with the tax preparation software, the data store configured to store user-specific tax data therein. The computing device executes a user interface manager associated with the tax preparation software to prompt the user for entry of user-specific tax data not already stored in the data store by the data capture utility. The computing device executes a tax calculation engine of the tax preparation software configured to read the user-specific tax data obtained from the one or more remotely located data sources and the interface manager and compute an intermediate or final tax liability or refund amount.

In one embodiment, the one or more remotely located data sources may comprise a data source associated with a financial management program. Examples of financial management software includes, for example products or systems that are available from Intuit Inc. (e.g., MINT, QUICKEN, QUICKBOOKS and FINANCEWORKS). Financial management software allow consumers or business owners to combine, process, and categorize financial data and present numerical data in various forms or summaries such as balances or values, charts, graphs and reports. MINT, QUICKEN, QUICKBOOKS and FINANCEWORKS are registered trademarks of Intuit Inc., Mountain View, Calif.

In another embodiment, the one or more remotely located data sources may include user accounts for online financial service account(s) or online accessible social media accounts. The one or more remotely located data sources may also include employers, credit reporting bureaus, government agencies (e.g., court records, real property databases, motor vehicle databases, medical databases, or taxing authorities).

In one aspect, the data capture utility may include a screen scraping utility or a web crawler program. The data capture utility may ask the user for his or her credentials to a financial management software program that is, in turn, liked to various financial services accounts. The data capture utility may also ask the user for his or her credentials to online financial service accounts, online accessible social media accounts, credit bureaus, government agencies, or third party data provider (e.g., LEXIS/NEXIS). Alternatively or in addition to, the data capture utility may attempt to contact one or more remotely data sources without using any user provided credentials. For example, there may be some publicly available information in various online resources that may contain personal or tax data that can be captured and transferred by the data capture utility to the data store. The data capture utility may also connect to one or more locally located data sources. Such locally located data sources may include files or data associated with financial management software that is running locally on a computing device. Locally locate data sources may also include locally stored documents or even images. For example, PDF or image files of tax forms W-2s, 1099s, prior year tax returns, and the like may be interrogated by the data capture utility with relevant personal financial information extracted therefrom. The data capture utility may perform optical character recognition (OCR) on the data prior to transfer to the data store.

In one aspect of the invention, the computer-implemented method may transfer at least a significant portion of the user-specific tax data required to prepare fileable tax return. For example, at least 20% of the user-specific tax data may be obtained by the data capture utility. Of course, the more user-specific tax data that is captured and transferred by the data capture utility the less need there is for manual data entry to be performed. Once the need information is contained within the data store, the computing device may execute a services engine that is configured to prepare a tax return for filing with relevant tax authorities. The tax return may be an electronic tax return or it may be a conventional paper tax return that is printed out by the user.

In another embodiment, a computer-implemented system for capturing user-related tax data for use with tax preparation software is described. The system includes a computing device operably coupled to a data store configured to store user-specific tax data therein. A data capture utility is executed by the computing device and configured to connect to one or more remotely located data sources, the data capture utility capturing and transferring at least some tax data pertaining to the user to the data store. A user interface manager is executed by a computing device that prompts the user for entry of user-specific tax data not already stored in the data store by the data capture utility. The system includes a tax calculation engine executed by the computing device and configured to read the user-specific tax data obtained from the one or more remotely located data sources and the interface manager and compute an intermediate or final tax liability or refund amount. The computing device may include a local device that has its own user interface or the computing device may be a separate, remotely located computing device. In the later example, the tax preparation software may be run, at least partially, in a cloud environment or software as service model where the user interface is local but the computational and data capture and gathering functionality is run on another computing device.

In another embodiment, a computer-implemented method for gathering user-related tax data for use with tax preparation software includes a computing device executing a data capture utility configured to connect to one or more remotely located data sources, wherein the data capture utility captures user-specific tax data from the one or more remotely located data sources and stores the captured data in a data store. The computing device executes a tax logic engine configured to read data from the data store and determine the completeness of the data contained within the data store. The computing device communicates a message to the user regarding the level of completeness of the data contained within the data store. The communication may include an e-mail message, text message, pop-up message, screen alert, or the like. The one or more remotely located data sources may optionally include a mix of paid and non-paid data sources. Alternatively, the one or more remotely located data sources may include non-paid data sources, e.g., financial and social media accounts liked to a specific user.

In another embodiment, after a message has been communicated to the user, the computing device executes a user interface manager associated with the tax preparation software to prompt the user for entry of user-specific tax data not already stored in the data store by the data capture utility. The computing device executes a tax calculation engine of the tax preparation software configured to read the user-specific tax data obtained from the one or more remotely located data sources and the interface manager and compute an intermediate or final tax liability or refund amount.

In another embodiment, a computer-implemented method for capturing user-related tax data for use with tax preparation software includes a computing device that executes a user interface manager associated with the tax preparation software to present a user interface to the user for entry of user credentials for one or more remotely located data sources. The computer connects to the one or more remotely located data sources and executes a data capture utility, the data capture utility capturing and transferring at least some tax data pertaining to the user to a data store associated with the tax preparation software, the data store configured to store user-specific tax data therein. The computing device executes a tax calculation engine of the tax preparation software configured to read the user-specific tax data obtained from the one or more remotely located data sources and compute an intermediate or final tax liability or refund amount.

In another embodiment, a computer-implemented system for capturing user-related tax data for use with tax preparation software includes a computing device operably coupled to a data store configured to store user-specific tax data therein. A data capture utility is executed by the computing device and is configured to connect to one or more remotely located data sources, the data capture utility capturing and transferring at least some tax data pertaining to the user to the data store. A tax logic engine is executed by the computing device and configured to read data from the data store and determine the completeness of the data contained within the data store.

In another embodiment, a computer-implemented method for inferring user-related tax data for use with tax preparation software includes the computer connecting to the one or more remotely located data sources and executing a data capture utility, the data capture utility capturing at least some tax data pertaining to the user. The computing device executes an estimation module that receives the captured tax data pertaining to the user and generates one or more estimates and stores the one or more estimates in a data store associated with the tax preparation software, the data store configured to store user-specific tax data therein. The computing device executes a tax calculation engine of the tax preparation software that is configured to read the user-specific tax data contained in the data store and compute an intermediate or final tax liability or refund amount.

In another embodiment, a computer-implemented method for inferring user-related tax data for use with tax preparation software includes the computer connecting to the one or more remotely located data sources and executing a data capture utility, the data capture utility capturing at least some tax data pertaining to the user. The computing device executes an estimation module that receives the captured tax data pertaining to the user and generates one or more estimates and stores the one or more estimates in a data store associated with the tax preparation software, the data store configured to store user-specific tax data therein. The computing device executes a user interface manager associated with the tax preparation software to prompt the user for entry of user-specific tax data not already stored in the data store as estimates. The computing device executes a tax calculation engine of the tax preparation software configured to read the user-specific tax data contained in the data store and compute an intermediate or final tax liability or refund amount.

In another embodiment, a computer-implemented system for inferring user-related tax data for use with tax preparation software includes a computing device operably coupled to a data store configured to store user-specific tax data therein. The system includes a data capture utility executed by the computing device and configured to connect to one or more remotely located data sources, the data capture utility capturing at least some tax data pertaining to the user to the data store. An estimation module is executed by the computing device and configured to receive captured tax data pertaining to the user and generate one or more estimates that are stored in the data store. A tax calculation engine is executed by the computing device and configured to read the data stored in the data store and compute an intermediate or final tax liability or refund amount.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates according to one embodiment how tax legislation/tax rules is parsed and represented by a completeness graph and a tax calculation graph.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a simplified version of a completeness graph according to one embodiment related to a qualifying child for purposes of determining deductions for federal income tax purposes.

FIG. 3 illustrates another illustration of a completeness graph according to one embodiment.

FIG. 4 illustrates a decision table based on or derived from the completeness graph of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of a decision table that incorporates statistical data.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a calculation graph according to one embodiment.

FIG. 7 schematically illustrates a system according to one embodiment for calculating taxes using rules and calculations based on a declarative data structures.

FIG. 8 schematically illustrates a system according to another embodiment for calculating taxes using rules and calculations based on a declarative data structures.

FIG. 9 illustrates a table of estimated tax values and associate attributes according to one embodiment.

FIG. 10 illustrates a computing device with an illustrative user interface presentation that incorporates the attribute rules to arrive a confidence level for tax calculations according to one embodiment.

FIG. 11 illustrates a computing device with another illustrative user interface presentation that incorporates the attribute rules to arrive a confidence level for tax calculations according to another embodiment.

FIG. 12 illustrates a flowchart of operations used in connection with a method of calculating tax liability according to one embodiment.

FIG. 13 illustrates the implementation of tax preparation software on various computing devices according to one embodiment.

FIG. 14 schematically illustrates a process whereby a combination of user inputs, sourced data, and estimates are used in connection with a tax calculation according to one embodiment.

FIG. 15 schematically illustrates a system for capturing user-related tax data for use with tax preparation software according to one embodiment.

FIG. 16 schematically illustrates a system for capturing user-related tax data for use with tax preparation software according to another embodiment.

FIG. 17 illustrates the operations performed using a secondary data capture utility according to one alternative embodiment.

FIG. 18 schematically illustrates a system for capturing user-related tax data for use with tax preparation software according to another embodiment.

FIG. 19 schematically illustrates a system for capturing user-related tax data for use with tax preparation software according to another embodiment.

FIG. 20 illustrates generally the components of a computing device that may be utilized to execute the software for automatically calculating or determining tax liability or refund amount and preparing a tax return based thereon according to one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS

Tax preparation is a time-consuming and laborious process. It is estimated that individuals and businesses spend around 6.1 billion hours per year complying with the filing requirements of the Internal Revenue Code. Tax preparation software has been commercially available to assist taxpayers in preparing their tax returns. Tax preparation software is typically run on a computing device such as a computer, laptop, tablet, mobile computing device such as a Smartphone, or remotely on another computer and accessed via a network. Traditionally, a user has walked through a set of rigidly defined user interface interview screens that selectively ask questions that are relevant to a particular tax topic or data field needed to calculate a taxpayer's tax liability.

In contrast to the rigidly defined user interface screens used in prior iterations of tax preparation software, the current methods and systems provide tax preparation software 100 that runs on computing devices 102 that operates on a construct or platform in which tax rules and the calculations based thereon are established in declarative data-structures, namely, one or more completeness graph(s) 12 and one or more tax calculation graph(s) 14.

Completeness graphs 12 and tax calculation graphs 14 are data structures in the form of trees having nodes and interconnecting arcs in which arcs are directed from one node to another. Completion graphs 12 identify when all conditions have been satisfied to complete a particular tax topic or, collectively, produce a fileable tax return. The tax calculation graph 14 semantically describes data depending tax operations that perform a tax calculation or operation in accordance with tax code or tax rules. Examples of these data structures may be found in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 14/097,057 and 14/448,886, both of which are incorporated by reference as if set forth fully herein.

Use of these data-structures permits the user experience to be loosely connected or even divorced from the tax calculation engine and the data used in the tax calculations. Tax calculations are dynamically calculated based in tax data derived from sourced data that is obtained from a data capture utility as described herein, estimates, user input, or a combination of the above. A smart tax logic agent running on a set of rules can review current run time data and evaluate missing data fields and propose suggested questions to be asked to a user to fill in missing blanks. This process can be continued until completeness of all tax topics has occurred. An electronic return can then be prepared and filed with respect to the relevant taxing jurisdictions.

According to one aspect of the invention, a computer-implemented for capturing user-related tax data for use with tax preparation software is provided. The computing device connects to one or more remotely located data sources and executes a data capture utility that captures and transfers at least some tax data to a data store configured to store user-specific tax data. The data capture utility is able to automatically gather and collect tax-related information that is needed by the tax preparation software to compute a tax liability or refund and ultimately complete a fileable tax return. The data capture utility thus significantly reduces the amount of manually entered tax data that is required to be input into the tax preparation software. The data capture utility speeds the process of preparing a tax return by automatically collecting and then storing in a data store or repository tax data that is used by the tax preparation software.

FIG. 1 illustrates graphically how tax legislation/tax rules 10 are broken down into a completeness graph 12 and a tax calculation graph 14. In one aspect of the invention, tax legislation or rules 10 are parsed or broken into various topics. For example, there may be nearly one hundred topics that need to be covered for completing a federal tax return. When one considers both federal and state tax returns, there can be well over one hundred tax topics that need to be covered. When tax legislation or tax rules 10 are broken into various topics or sub-topics, in one embodiment of the invention, each particular topic (e.g., topics A, B) may each have their own dedicated completeness graph 12A, 12B and tax calculation graph 14A, 14B as seen in FIG. 1.

Note that in FIG. 1, the completeness graph 12 and the tax calculation graph 14 are interdependent as illustrated by dashed line 16. That is to say, some elements contained within the completeness graph 12 are needed to perform actual tax calculations using the tax calculation graph 14. Likewise, aspects within the tax calculation graph 14 may be needed as part of the completion graph 12. Taken collectively, the completeness graph 12 and the tax calculation graph 14 represent data structures that capture all the conditions necessary to complete the computations that are required to complete a tax return that can be filed. The completeness graph 12, for example, determines when all conditions have been satisfied such that a “fileable” tax return can be prepared with the existing data. The completeness graph 12 is used to determine, for example, that no additional data input is needed to prepare and ultimately file a tax return. The completeness graph 12 is used to determine when a particular schema contains sufficient information such a tax return can be prepared and filed. Individual combinations of completeness graphs 12 and tax calculation graphs 14 that relate to one or more topics can be used complete the computations required for some sub-calculation. In the context of a tax return, for example, a sub-selection of topical completeness graphs 12A and tax calculation graphs 14A can be used for intermediate tax results such as Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) or Taxable Income (TI).

The completeness graph 12 and the tax calculation graph 14 represent data structures that can be constructed in the form of tree. FIG. 2 illustrates a completeness graph 12 in the form of a tree with nodes 20 and arcs 22 representing a basic or general version of a completeness graph 12 for the topic of determining, for example, whether a child qualifies as a dependent for federal income tax purposes. A more complete flow chart-based representation of questions related to determining a “qualified child” may be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/097,057, which is incorporated by reference herein. Each node 20 contains a condition that in this example is expressed as a Boolean expression that can be answered in the affirmative or negative. The arcs 22 that connect each node 20 illustrate the dependencies between nodes 20. The combination of arcs 22 in the completeness graph 12 illustrates the various pathways to completion. A single arc 22 or combination of arcs 22 that result in a determination of “Done” represent a pathway to completion. As seen in FIG. 2, there are several pathways to completion. For example, one pathway to completion is where an affirmative (True) answer is given to the question of whether you or a spouse can be claimed on someone else's tax return. If such a condition is true, your child is not a qualifying dependent because under IRS rules you cannot claim any dependents if someone else can claim you as a dependent. In another example, if you had a child and that child did not live with you for more than six months of the year, then your child is not a qualifying dependent. Again, this is a separate IRS requirement for a qualified dependent.

As one can imagine given the complexities and nuances of the tax code, many tax topics may contain completeness graphs 12 that have many nodes with a large number of pathways to completion. However, by many branches or lines within the completeness graph 12 can be ignored, for example, when certain questions internal to the completeness graph 12 are answered that eliminate other nodes 20 and arcs 22 within the completeness graph 12. The dependent logic expressed by the completeness graph 12 allows one to minimize subsequent questions based on answers given to prior questions. This allows a minimum question set that can be generated that can be presented to a user as explained herein.

FIG. 3 illustrates another example of a completeness graph 12 that includes a beginning node 20 a (Node A), intermediate nodes 20 b-g (Nodes B-G) and a termination node 20 y (Node “Yes” or “Done”). Each of the beginning node 20 a and intermediate nodes 20 a-g represents a question. Inter-node connections or arcs 22 represent response options. In the illustrated embodiment, each inter-node connection 22 represents an answer or response option in binary form (Y/N), for instance, a response to a Boolean expression. It will be understood, however, that embodiments are not so limited, and that a binary response form is provided as a non-limiting example. In the illustrated example, certain nodes, such as nodes A, B and E, have two response options 22, whereas other nodes, such as nodes D, G and F, have one response option 22.

As explained herein, the directed graph or completion graph 12 that is illustrated in FIG. 3 can be traversed through all possible paths from the start node 20 a to the termination node 20 y. By navigating various paths through the completion graph 12 in a recursive manner can determine each path from the beginning node 20 a to the termination node 20 y. The completion graph 12 along with the pathways to completion through the graph can be converted into a different data structure or format. In the illustrated embodiment shown in FIG. 4, this different data structure or format is in the form of a decision table 30. In the illustrated example, the decision table 30 includes rows 32 (five rows 32 a-e are illustrated) based on the paths through the completion graph 12. In the illustrated embodiment, the columns 34 a-g of the completion graph represent expressions for each of the questions (represented as nodes A-G in FIG. 3) and answers derived from completion paths through the completion graph 12 and column 34 h indicates a conclusion, determination, result or goal 34 h concerning a tax topic or situation, e.g., “Yes—your child is a qualifying child” or “No—your child is not a qualifying child.”

Referring to FIG. 4, each row 32 of the decision table 30 represents a tax rule. The decision table 30, for example, may be associated with a federal tax rule, state tax rule, or local tax rule. In some instances, for example, a state tax rule may include the same decision table 30 as the federal tax rule. The decision table 30 can be used, as explained herein, to drive a personalized interview process for the user of tax preparation software 100. In particular, the decision table 30 is used to select a question or questions to present to a user during an interview process. In this particular example, in the context of the completion graph from FIG. 3 converted into the decision table 30 of FIG. 4, if the first question presented to the user during an interview process is question “A” and the user answers “Yes” rows 32 c-e may be eliminated from consideration given that no pathway to completion is possible. The tax rule associated with these columns cannot be satisfied given the input of “Yes” in question “A.” Note that those cell entries denoted by “?” represent those answers to a particular question in a node that is irrelevant to the particular pathway to completion. Thus, for example, referring to row 34 a, when an answer to Q_(A) is “Y” and a path is completed through the completion graph 12 by answering Question C as “N” then answers to the other questions in Nodes B and D-F are “?” since they are not needed to be answered given that particular path.

After in initial question has been presented and rows are eliminated as a result of the selection, next, a collection of candidate questions from the remaining available rows 32 a and 32 b is determined. From this universe of candidate questions from the remaining rows, a candidate question is selected. In this case, the candidate questions are questions Q_(C) and Q_(G) in columns 34 c, 34 g, respectively. One of these questions is selected and the process repeats until either the goal 34 h is reached or there is an empty candidate list.

FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of a decision table 30. In this embodiment, the decision table 30 includes additional statistical data 36 associated with each rule (e.g., rules R₁-R₆). For example, the statistical data 36 may represent a percentage or the like in which a particular demographic or category of user(s) satisfies this particular path to completion. The statistical data 36 may be mined from existing or current year tax filings. The statistical data 36 may be obtained from a proprietary source of data such as tax filing data owned by Intuit, Inc. The statistical data 36 may be third party data that can be purchased or leased for use. For example, the statistical data 36 may be obtained from a government taxing authority or the like (e.g., IRS). In one aspect, the statistical data 36 does not necessarily relate specifically to the individual or individuals preparing the particular tax return. For example, the statistical data 36 may be obtained based on a number of tax filers which is then classified one or more classifications. For example, statistical data 36 can be organized with respect to age, type of tax filing (e.g., joint, separate, married filing separately), income range (gross, AGI, or TI), deduction type, geographic location, and the like).

FIG. 5 illustrates two such columns 38 a, 38 b in the decision table 30 that contain statistical data 36 in the form of percentages. For example, column 38 a (STAT1) may contain a percentage value that indicates taxpayers under the age of thirty-five where Rule₁ is satisfied. Column 38 b (STAT2) may contain a percentage value that indicates taxpayers over the age of thirty-five where Rule₁ is satisfied. Any number of additional columns 38 could be added to the decision table 30 and the statistics do not have to relate to an age threshold or grouping. The statistical data 36 may be used, as explained in more detail below, by the tax preparation software 100 to determine which of the candidate questions (Q_(A)-Q_(G)) should be asked to a taxpayer. The statistical data 36 may be compared to one or more known taxpayer data fields (e.g., age, income level, tax filing status, geographic location, or the like) such that the question that is presented to the user is most likely to lead to a path to completion. Candidate questions may also be excluded or grouped together and then presented to the user to efficiently minimize tax interview questions during the data acquisition process. For example, questions that are likely to be answered in the negative can be grouped together and presented to the user in a grouping and asked in the negative—for example, “we think these question do not apply to you, please confirm that this is correct.” This enables the elimination of many pathways to completion that can optimize additional data requests of the taxpayer. Predictive models based on the statistical data 36 may be used to determine candidate questions.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a tax calculation graph 14. The tax calculation graph semantically describes the tax legislation/tax rules 10. In FIG. 6, various nodes 24 are leaf or input nodes. Examples of leaf nodes 24 in this particular example include data obtained from W-2 forms, data obtained from 1099-INT forms, data obtained from other investment income, filing status, and number of dependents. In other embodiments, however, the leaf nodes 24 may be populated with information that is automatically obtained by the tax preparation software 100. As described herein, for example, a data capture utility 43 may be executed by the tax preparation software 100 to capture and transfer tax data from one or more remotely located data sources to a data store that works in connection with the tax preparation software 100 to store user-specific tax data. In one embodiment of the invention, leaf nodes 24 may be automatically populated with data obtained from the data capture utility 43. For example, in some embodiments, the data capture utility 43 captures tax data from online resources such as financial services websites or other user-specific websites and transfers this data back to a data store. For instance, a user can provide his or her user credentials (e.g., user identification and password) for one or more online resources and the data capture utility 43 can then automatically capture information from these properties and transfer the same back to the data store for use by the tax preparation software 100. The online resources can be crawled and scanned to scrape or otherwise download tax related information that can be automatically populated into leaf nodes 24. Online social media and professional sites such as FACEBOOK, LINKED-IN and the like can also be accessed in a similar manner by the data capture utility 43 whereby personal or financial information may be captured and transferred to a data store that is used to populate the leaf nodes 24.

Additional third party information sources such as credit bureaus, government databases, and the like can also be used by the tax preparation software 100 to obtain information that can then be populated in to respective leaf nodes 24. In still other embodiments, values for leaf nodes 24 may be derived or otherwise calculated. For example, while the number of dependents may be manually entered by a taxpayer, those dependent may not all be “qualifying” dependents for tax purposes. In such instances, the actual number of “qualified” dependents may be derived or calculated by the tax preparation software 100. In some instances, the data capture utility 43 uses object character recognition (OCR) techniques or the like to extract useful information from files or documents. For example, tax documents (e.g., W-2s or 1099s) may be imaged or scanned with relevant data being automatically extracted. In other embodiments, prior tax returns may be used by the tax preparation software 100 to extract information (e.g., name, potential dependents, address, and social security number) which can then be used to populate the leaf nodes 24. In still other embodiments, values for leaf nodes 24 may be estimated as described herein. Leaf nodes 24 may also be populated with user inputs. That is to say the user taxpayer will enter this information from a user interface (described in more detail below). Of course, a main goal of the invention described herein is to minimize the amount of manual entry required on behalf of a user. Instead, it is preferable to automatically capture this relevant information by using the data capture utility 43 and manual input of information

Still other internal nodes 26 semantically represent a tax concept and may be calculated using a function 28. Some or all of these internal nodes 26 may be labelled as “tax concepts.” Interconnected nodes 26 containing tax concepts may be connected via “gist” functions that can be tagged and later be used or called upon to explain to the user the reasoning behind why a particular result was calculated or determined by the tax preparation software 100 program as explained in more detail below. For example, the internal nodes 26 and associated functions 28 may be used to generate explanations to the user regarding the reasons behind certain tax calculations. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/530,159, which is incorporated by reference herein, explains how such explanations are automatically generated. Gists are well-defined functions to capture domain specific patterns and semantic abstractions used in tax calculations. Gists can be de-coupled from a specific narrow definition and instead be associated with one or more explanation. Examples of common “gists” found in tax legislation/rules include the concepts of “caps” or “exceptions” that are found in various portions of the tax code. The function 28 may include any number of mathematical or other operations. Examples of functions 28 include summation, subtraction, multiplication, division, and look-ups of tables or values from a database 30 or library as is illustrated in FIG. 6. It should be understood that nodes within completion graph 12 and the tax calculation graph 14 may be shared in some instances. For example, AGI is a reoccurring tax concept that occurs in many places in the tax code. AGI is used not only for the mathematical computation of taxes is also used, for example, to determine eligibility of certain tax deductions and credits. Thus, the AGI node is common to both the completion graph 12 and the tax calculation graph 14.

FIG. 7 schematically illustrates a system 40 for calculating taxes using rules and calculations based on a declarative data structures according to one embodiment. The system 40 include a data store 42 that contains therein a schema 44 or canonical model representative to the data fields utilized or otherwise required to complete a tax return. The data store 42 may be a repository, file, or database that is used to contain the tax-related data fields. The data store 42 is accessible by a computing device 102, 103 as described herein. The data store 42 may be located locally with the computing device 102, 103 running the tax preparation software 100 or it may be located remotely, for example, in cloud environment on another, remotely located computer. The schema 44 may include, for example, a schema based on the Modernized e-File (MeF) system developed by the Internal Revenue Service. The MeF is a web-based system that allows electronic filing of tax returns through the Internet. MeF uses extensible markup language (XML) format that is used when identifying, storing, and transmitting data. For example, each line or data element on a tax return is given an XML name tag as well as every instance of supporting data. Tax preparation software 100 uses XML schemas and business rules to electronically prepare and transmit tax returns to tax reporting agencies. Transmitters use the Internet to transmit electronic tax return data to the IRS MeF system. The IRS validates the transmitted files against the XML schemas and Business Rules in the MeF schema 44.

The schema 44 may be a modified version of the MeF schema used by the IRS. For example, the schema 44 may be an extended or expanded version of the MeF model established by government authorities. The schema 44 may have extra fields available for flags (explained herein) that can be utilized to optimize suggested questions that can be presented to user as part of an interview process. While the particular MeF schema 44 is discussed herein the invention is not so limited. There may be many different schemas 44 depending on the different tax jurisdiction. For example, Country A may have a tax schema 44 that varies from Country B. Different regions or states within a single country may even have different schemas 44. The systems and methods described herein are not limited to a particular schema 44 implementation. The schema 44 may contain all the data fields required to prepare and file a tax return with a government taxing authority. This may include, for example, all fields required for any tax forms, schedules, and the like. Data may include text, numbers, a response to a Boolean expression (e.g., True/False or Yes/No), and flags. As explained in more detail, the data store 42 may, at any one time, have a particular instance 46 of the MeF schema 44 stored therein at any particular time. For example, FIG. 7 illustrates several instances 46 of the MeF schema 44 (labeled as MeF₁, MeF₂, MeF_(N)). These instances 46 may be updated as additional data is input or otherwise transferred into the data store 42.

As seen in FIG. 7, a data capture utility 43 is provided that is executed by or as part of the tax preparation software 100. The data capture utility 43 connects the computing device 102, 103 to one or more remotely located data sources 48 a-48 g. The data capture utility 43 captures tax data pertaining to the user and then transfers this information to the data store 42. Tax data includes any data that may be required or used by the MeF schema 44. Tax data does not necessarily have to include a monetary (e.g., income) component. For example, tax data could include data related to the number and identify of dependents within a household. It also includes other tax-related information such as income amounts and expenses related to tax deductions or credits. The data capture utility 43 may include a number of different forms. For example, the data capture utility 43 may include a screen scraping utility, web crawler, or program that is able to log into a website or other online interface (e.g., using an Application Program Interface or API) and copy all or selected portions of the data would normally appear on a display or screen to a user. The data capture utility 43 in the form of an API may allow for direct computer-to-computer transfer of data. The API may be provided, for example, by the host computer that is hosting the remote data source 48. This data can then be parsed, filtered, and organized such that relevant tax data is then transferred into the data store 42. The data capture utility 43 may also use a web crawler utility or program that is crawls over websites or other online content and copies all or selected portions of tax data and transfers the same to the data store 42.

The data capture utility 43 may be executed contemporaneously with the execution and use of the tax preparation software 100. Alternatively, the data capture utility 43 may be run prior to actual use of the tax preparation software 100 for tax return preparation. In the later approach, relevant data may be captured and stored in the data store 42 for later use. For example, a user may invoke or execute the data capture utility 43 on February 15^(th) of a tax year and then later work on preparing his or her taxes closer to the deadline of April 15^(th). The data capture utility 43 may be run again to capture any relevant data that was not already captured when run earlier (e.g., a tax form that was not available is now available for use).

The data capture utility 43 may operate in a number of different modes to gain access to different user accounts. In one mode, a user will provide his or her authentication information (e.g., login ID and password) to the data capture utility 43 for each different online account as seen in FIG. 15. For example, a user may have one or more banking accounts, one or more investing accounts, an online account associated with a mortgage loan, and various social media accounts (e.g., FACEBOOK account, LINKED-IN account). In such instances, the user will identify each such account and provide the proper login credentials. The data capture utility 43 will then use this information to scrape or crawl each designated account and capture and transfer the tax data to the data store 42. In another mode, as illustrated in FIG. 16, the user does not have to provide his or her credentials for each account. Instead, the user may provide his or her credentials (e.g., password or user ID and password) to a financial management software program that itself is already linked to the various online financial services accounts. By gaining access to the financial management program this data capture utility 43 may be able to capture data from existing account histories already scrapped or crawled by the financial management program. The data capture utility 43 may also initiate the financial management program to synchronize or update all linked accounts so that the most recent information can be obtained. Of course, in this embodiment, the user may be requested to provide the authentication information for other accounts that are otherwise not linked or part of the financial management program. This would include, for example, social media accounts that are typically not contained in financial management programs. Thus, in some embodiments, a hybrid version incorporating aspects of the FIG. 15 and FIG. 16 may be used.

There are a number of different types of data sources 48 a-48 g that may be accessed by the data capture utility 43. For example, a financial data source 48 a may include an account held with a financial service provider such as a bank, credit union, brokerage, investment advisor, or the like may be accessed by the data capture utility 43. Such accounts typically provide online access to account information via a website though the invention is not limited to website access. The data capture utility 43 may access data via the website or through another Application Programming Interface (API). Most financial service providers such as banks, credit unions, brokerages, investment advisors typically provide online access for their customers to view holdings, balances, transactions. Financial service providers also typically provide year-end tax documents to their customers such as, for instance, 1099-INT (interest income), 1099-DIV (dividend income), 1099-B (brokerage proceeds), 1098 (mortgage interest) forms. The data contained on these tax forms may be captured and transferred electronically to the data store 42 by the data capture utility.

Another example of an online resource that can be accessed by the data capture utility 43 includes social media data sources 48 b. For example, many taxpayers may have social media or similar accounts. These include, by way of illustration and not limitation, FACEBOOK, LINKED-IN, TWITTER, and the like. User's may post or store personal information on these properties that may have tax implications. For example, a user's LINKED-IN account may indicate that he or she is married and has three children. The data capture utility 43 may capture this information and write to the data store 42 information regarding the family status of the particular user. For example, the data store 42 may be written with married, three dependents based on the information gathered by the data capture utility 43.

In still another example, a search of a user's social medial accounts may indicate that a person changed jobs during a tax year. Likewise, a posting on FACEBOOK about a new home may suggest that a person has purchased a home, moved to a new location, changed jobs; all of which may have possible tax ramifications. The identification of multiple jobs or residences during a tax year may be flagged by the data capture utility 43 or by the data store 42 after the information is transferred therein. This flagging may be used to drive or shape the interview process described herein. For instance, using the example above, a person may be asked a question whether or not she changed jobs during the year (e.g., “It looks like you changed jobs during the past year, is this correct?”). Additional follow-up questions can then be presented to the user such as asking for multiple W-2 forms for each job held during the year. Likewise, for the information that indicates that a person purchased a new home may prompt questions by the interface manager 82 that are directed to the user. For example, if the new residence was purchased, there may be tax deductible expenses such as loan origination points, moving expenses, and the like that may be deductible. By finding this personal financial information, the data capture utility 43 is able to more efficiently drive the remaining interview process to focus on relevant tax topics that are germane to events that occurred during the particular tax year of interest.

Still referring to FIG. 7, another data source includes credit data source 48 c (e.g. a data source at a credit bureau) that may be accessed by the data capture utility 43. For example, credit data sources 48 c contain a rich source of data that may implicate one or more tax items. For example, credit data sources 48 c may show that a taxpayer has taken out a student loan or home mortgage loan that may be the source of possible tax deductions for the taxpayer. A credit data source 48 c may indicate unpaid medical bills which may indicate the presence of large medical bills that could potentially be a deductible expense. Another example of a data source includes records from a database or other repository of a government agency data source 48 d. For example, the state department of motor vehicles may contain information relevant to tax portion of vehicle registration fees which can be deductible in some instances. Other government agency data sources 48 d that may be accessed include the IRS (e.g., IRS tax return transcripts), and state taxing authorities.

Another example of a data source 48 includes may include an employer data source 48 e as illustrated in FIG. 7. For example, an employer may provide electronic or online access to payroll and/or tax reporting systems such that employees can access information such as tax reporting forms (e.g., W-2 forms). An employer data source 48 e may also include a payroll processing company that provides payroll services for that particular employer (e.g., INTUIT Payroll, ADP, Paychex, and the like).

Another example of a data source 48 may include third party data sources 48 f that collect, aggregate or store data that pertain to a user (e.g., LEXIS/NEXIS). For example, people searching services are currently available to find the location or residence address of persons. Likewise, commercial databases are available for asset searches for particular individuals. These third party data sources 48 f typically require payment and may not need permission from the user as the information is obtained from various publicly available sources. In one aspect of the invention, the data capture utility 43 may submit a payment in order to access and collect this information. Payment may be made by the user of the tax preparation software 100. Alternatively, payment may be made by another party such as the provider or seller of the tax preparation software 100. For example, some users may be particularly valued users of the products and services of the provider of the tax preparation software 100 (e.g., these users utilize a variety of products and services or may be likely to do so in the future). For such users, payment may be made to the providers of the third party data sources 48 f on behalf of the user so that the user may not incur these expenses directly. Of course, this is just one example and various payment arrangements could be made to facilitate the capture and transfer of relevant data to the data store 42 so that manual entry of data is minimized and/or avoided entirely.

In another aspect of the invention, the third party data source 48 f may include a free source of information. For example, many webpages or other Internet accessible content is indexed by various search engines such as GOOGLE, YAHOO, and BING. User-related tax data may be obtained from the data capture utility 43 searching one or more of these third party data sources 48 f.

Another example of a data source 48 is a prior year tax return 48 g. A prior year tax return that is stored electronically as prior year tax return data 48 g can be searched and data is copied and transferred to the data store 42. The prior year tax return may be in a proprietary format (e.g., .txf, .pdf) or an open source format. The prior year tax return may also be in a paper or hardcopy format that can be scanned or imaged whereby data is extracted using, for example, OCR and transferred to the data store 42. In this sense the tax return may be considered user input 48 h as described below. In another embodiment, prior year tax return data 48 g may be obtained by accessing a government database (e.g., IRS records). For example, the IRS allows one to obtain transcripts of past tax returns in either an online or paper format. The data capture utility 43 can, for example, be provided with the user ID whereby this information is captured automatically. Alternatively, a paper copy may be sent to the taxpayer and an image is taken of the same, subject to OCR, with the relevant data fields captured and transferred to the data store 42.

While a main priority or goal of the invention is to avoid manual entry of tax related data into the tax preparation software 100, there will likely be some gapes or holes that will need to be filled by the manual entry of data. As seen in FIG. 7, user input 48 h is one type of data source 48. User input 48 h may take a number of different forms. For example, user input 48 h may be generated by a user using, for example, a input device such as keyboard, mouse, touchscreen display, voice input (e.g., voice to text feature) or the like to enter information manually into the tax preparation software 100.

User input 48 h may also include some form of automatic data gathering. For example, a user may scan or take a photographic image of a tax document (e.g., W-2 or 1099) that is then processed by the tax preparation software 100 to extract relevant data fields that are then automatically transferred and stored within the data store 42. OCR techniques along with pre-stored templates of tax reporting forms may be called upon to extract relevant data from the scanned or photographic images whereupon the data is then transferred to the data store 42.

Still referring to FIG. 7, the tax preparation software 100 executed by the computing device 102, 103 includes a tax calculation engine 50 that computes one or more tax calculations based on the available data at any given instance within the schema 44 in the data store 42. The tax calculation engine 50 may calculate a final tax due amount, a final refund amount, or one or more intermediary calculations (e.g., taxable income, AGI, earned income, un-earned income, total deductions, total credits, alternative minimum tax (AMT) and the like). The tax calculation engine 50 utilizes the one or more calculation graphs 14 as described previously in the context of FIGS. 1 and 6. In one embodiment, a series of different calculation graphs 14 are used for respective tax topics. These different calculation graphs 14 may be glued together or otherwise compiled as a composite calculation graph 14 to obtain an amount of taxes due or a refund amount based on the information contained in the data store 42. The tax calculation engine 50 reads the most current or up to date information contained within the data store 42 and then performs tax calculations. Updated tax calculation values are then written back to the data store 42. As the updated tax calculation values are written back, new instances 46 of the canonical model 46 are created. The tax calculations performed by the tax calculation engine 50 may include the calculation of an overall tax liability or refund due. The tax calculations may also include intermediate calculations used to determine an overall tax liability or refund due (e.g., AGI calculation). The tax calculation engine 50 may be embodied as a programmed subroutine as part of the tax preparation software 100 that is executed by a processor or controller as described herein.

Still referring to FIG. 7, the system 40 includes a tax logic agent (TLA) 60. The TLA 60 operates in conjunction with the data store 42 whereby updated tax data represented by instances 46 are read to the TLA 60. The TLA 60 contains run time data 62 that is read from the data store 42. The run time data 62 represents the instantiated representation of the canonical tax schema 44 at runtime. The TLA 60 may contain therein a rule engine 64 that utilizes a fact cache to generate either non-binding suggestions 66 for additional question(s) to present to a user or “Done” instructions 68 which indicate that completeness has occurred and additional input is not needed. The rule engine 64 may operate in the form a Drools expert engine. Other declarative rules engines 64 may be utilized and a Drools expert rule engine 64 is provided as one example of how embodiments may be implemented. The TLA 60 may be implemented as a dedicated module or engine that is executed by or as part of the tax preparation software 100 and may be embodied as a programmed subroutine that is executed by a processor or controller as described herein.

As seen in FIG. 7, The TLA 60 uses the decision tables 30 to analyze the run time data 62 and determine whether a tax return is complete. Each decision table 30 created for each topic or sub-topic is scanned or otherwise analyzed to determine completeness for each particular topic or sub-topic. In the event that completeness has been determined with respect to each decision table 30, then the rule engine 64 outputs a “done” instruction 68 to the UI control 80. If the rule engine 64 does not output a “done” instruction 68 that means there are one or more topics or sub-topics that are not complete, which, as explained in more detail below presents interview questions to a user for answer. The TLA 60 identifies a decision table 30 corresponding to one of the non-complete topics or sub-topics and, using the rule engine 64, identifies one or more non-binding suggestions 66 to present to the UI control 80. The non-binding suggestions 66 may include a listing of compilation of one or more questions (e.g., Q₁-Q₅ as seen in FIG. 7) from the decision table 30. In some instances, the listing or compilation of questions may be ranked in order by rank. The ranking or listing may be weighted in order of importance, relevancy, confidence level, or the like. For example, a top ranked question may be a question that, based on the remaining rows (e.g., R₁-R₅) in a decision will most likely lead to a path to completion. As part of this ranking process, statistical information such as the STAT1, STAT2 percentages as illustrated in FIG. 5 may be used to augment or aid this ranking process. Questions may also be presented that are most likely to increase the confidence level of the calculated tax liability or refund amount. In this regard, for example, those questions that resolve data fields associated with low confidence values may, in some embodiments, be ranked higher. Predictive modeling based on statistical data 36 using any suitable data such as previously filed tax returns, demographic information, financial information and the like may be used as part of this ranking process.

The following pseudo code generally expresses how a rule engine 64 functions utilizing a fact cache based on the runtime canonical data 62 or the instantiated representation of the canonical tax schema 46 at runtime and generating non-binding suggestions 66 provided as an input a UI control 80. As described in U.S. application Ser. No. 14/097,057 previously incorporated herein by reference, data such as required inputs can be stored to a fact cache so that the needed inputs can be recalled at a later time, and to determine what is already known about variables, factors or requirements of various rules:

Rule engine (64)/Tax Logic Agent (TLA) (60)

-   -   // initialization process     -   Load_Tax_Knowledge_Base;     -   Create_Fact_Cache; While (new_data_from_application)     -   Insert_data_into_fact_cache;     -   collection=Execute_Tax_Rules; // collection is all the fired         rules and corresponding conditions     -   suggestions=Generate_suggestions (collection);     -   send_to_application (suggestions);

The TLA 60 may also receive or otherwise incorporate information from a statistical/life knowledge module 70. The statistical/life knowledge module 70 contains statistical or probabilistic data related to the taxpayer. For example, statistical/life knowledge module 70 may indicate that taxpayers residing within a particular zip code are more likely to be homeowners than renters. The TLA 60 may use this knowledge to weight particular topics or questions related to these topics. For example, in the example given above, questions about home mortgage interest may be promoted or otherwise given a higher weight. The statistical knowledge may apply in other ways as well. For example, tax forms often require a taxpayer to list his or her profession. These professions may be associated with transactions that may affect tax liability. For instance, a taxpayer may list his or her occupation as “teacher.” The statistic/life knowledge module 70 may contain data that shows that a large percentage of teachers have retirement accounts and in particular 403(b) retirement accounts. This information may then be used by the TLA 60 when generating its suggestions 66. For example, rather than asking generically about retirement accounts, the suggestion 66 can be tailored directly to a question about 403(b) retirement accounts.

The data that is contained within the statistic/life knowledge module 70 may be obtained by analyzing aggregate tax data of a large body of taxpayers. For example, entities having access to tax filings may be able to mine their own proprietary data to establish connections and links between various taxpayer characteristics and tax topics. This information may be contained in a database or other repository that is accessed by the statistic/life knowledge module 70. This information may be periodically refreshed or updated to reflect the most up-to-date relationships. Generally, the data contained in the statistic/life knowledge module 70 is not specific to a particular tax payer but is rather generalized to characteristics shared across a number of tax payers although in other embodiments, the data may be more specific to an individual taxpayer.

Still referring to FIG. 7, the UI control 80 encompasses a user interface manager 82 and a user interface presentation or user interface 84. The user interface presentation 84 is controlled by the interface manager 82 may manifest itself, typically, on a visual screen or display 104 that is presented on a computing device 102 (seen, for example, in FIG. 13). The computing device 102 may include the display of a computer, laptop, tablet, mobile phone (e.g., Smartphone), or the like. Different user interface presentations 84 may be invoked using a UI generator 85 depending, for example, on the type of display or screen 104 that is utilized by the computing device. For example, an interview screen with many questions or a significant amount of text may be appropriate for a computer, laptop, or tablet screen but such as presentation may be inappropriate for a mobile computing device such as a mobile phone or Smartphone. In this regard, different interface presentations 84 may be prepared for different types of computing devices 102. The nature of the interface presentation 84 may not only be tied to a particular computing device 102 but different users may be given different interface presentations 84. For example, a taxpayer that is over the age of 60 may be presented with an interview screen that has larger text or different visual cues than a younger user.

The user interface manager 82, as explained previously, receives non-binding suggestions from the TLA 60. The non-binding suggestions may include a single question or multiple questions that are suggested to be displayed to the taxpayer via the user interface presentation 84. The user interface manager 82, in one aspect of the invention, contains a suggestion resolution element 88, is responsible for resolving of how to respond to the incoming non-binding suggestions 66. For this purpose, the suggestion resolution element 88 may be programmed or configured internally. Alternatively, the suggestion resolution element 88 may access external interaction configuration files. Additional details regarding configuration files and their use may be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/206,834, which is incorporated by reference herein.

Configuration files specify whether, when and/or how non-binding suggestions are processed. For example, a configuration file may specify a particular priority or sequence of processing non-binding suggestions 66 such as now or immediate, in the current user interface presentation 84 (e.g., interview screen), in the next user interface presentation 84, in a subsequent user interface presentation 84, in a random sequence (e.g., as determined by a random number or sequence generator). As another example, this may involve classifying non-binding suggestions as being ignored. A configuration file may also specify content (e.g., text) of the user interface presentation 84 that is to be generated based at least in part upon a non-binding suggestion 66.

A user interface presentation 84 may be pre-programmed interview screens that can be selected and provided to the generator element 85 for providing the resulting user interface presentation 84 or content or sequence of user interface presentations 84 to the user. User interface presentations 84 may also include interview screen templates, which are blank or partially completed interview screens that can be utilized by the generation element 85 to construct a final user interface presentation 84 on-the-fly during runtime.

As seen in FIG. 7, the UI control 80 interfaces with the data store 42 such that data that is entered by a user (i.e., user input 48 h) in response to the user interface presentation 84 can then be transferred or copied to the data store 42. The new or updated data is then reflected in the updated instantiated representation of the schema 44. Typically, although not exclusively, in response to a user interface presentation 84 that is generated (e.g., interview screen), a user inputs data to the tax preparation software 100 using an input device that is associated with the computing device. For example, a taxpayer may use a mouse, finger tap, keyboard, stylus, voice entry, or the like to respond to questions. The taxpayer may also be asked not only to respond to questions but also to include dollar amounts, check or un-check boxes, select one or more options from a pull down menu, select radio buttons, or the like. Free form text entry may also be request of the taxpayer. For example, with regard to donated goods, the taxpayer may be prompted to explain what the donated good are and describe the same in sufficient detail to satisfy requirements set by a particular taxing authority.

Still referring to FIG. 7, a tax return (either electronic return or paper return) is prepared by the TLA 60 or at the direction of the TLA 60. The TLA 60 is operatively coupled to a services engine 90 that is configured to perform a number of tasks or services for the taxpayer. For example, the services engine 90 can include a printing option 92. The printing option 92 may be used to print a copy of a tax return, tax return data, summaries of tax data, reports, tax forms and schedules, and the like. The services engine 90 may also electronically file 94 or e-file a tax return with a tax authority (e.g., federal or state tax authority). The services engine 90 may be used in connection with the TLA 60 to properly format the required data into proper format for electronic filing. Whether a paper or electronic return is filed, data from the data store 42 required for particular tax forms, schedules, and the like is transferred over into the desired format. With respect to e-filed tax returns, the tax return may be filed using the MeF web-based system that allows electronic filing of tax returns through the Internet. Of course, other e-filing systems may also be used other than those that rely on the MeF standard. The services engine 90 may also make one or more recommendations 96 based on the run-time data 62 contained in the TLA 60. For instance, the services engine 90 may identify that a taxpayer has incurred penalties for underpayment of estimates taxes and may recommend to the taxpayer to increase his or her withholdings or estimated tax payments for the following tax year. As another example, the services engine 90 may find that a person did not contribute to a retirement plan and may recommend 96 that a taxpayer open an Individual Retirement Account (IRA) or look into contributions in an employer-sponsored retirement plan. The services engine 90 may also include a calculator 98 that can be used to calculate various intermediate calculations used as part of the overall tax calculation algorithm. For example, the calculator 98 can isolate earned income, investment income, deductions, credits, and the like. The calculator 98 can also be used to estimate tax liability based on certain changed assumptions (e.g., how would my taxes change if I was married and filed a joint return?). The calculator 98 may also be used to compare analyze differences between tax years. The services engine 90 may be embodied as a programmed subroutine as part of the tax preparation software 100 that is executed by a processor or controller as described herein.

FIG. 8 illustrates another schematic illustration of a system 40′ for calculating taxes using rules and calculations based on a declarative data structures. Those elements equivalent to the embodiment of FIG. 7 are labelled with the same element numbers. In this alternative embodiment, the system 40′ includes an estimation module 110 that writes to the data store 42 with estimates 112 inferences, or guesses of one or more data fields contained within the data store 42. The estimates 112 or guesses may pertain to any number of tax topics and may include alphanumeric characters, a response to a Boolean operation, text, and the like. In this particular embodiment, the estimate module 110 assigns an estimated value to one or more data fields of the schema 44 contained in the data store 42. The estimated value may be obtained in a number of ways. In one aspect, user input 48 h is used to generate the estimated value. For example, the user may be prompted by UI control 80 with a prompt 84 to enter a guess or estimate on a particular data field. In another aspect, a prior tax return or multiple tax returns can be used to generate an estimated value. For example, taxpayer A may have a history of the past three years of tax return data (e.g., stored as proprietary or standardized files) stored or otherwise made available to tax preparation software 100 that shows yearly dividend income of $1,200, $1,350, and $1,400. The estimation module 110 may generate an average of $1,317 to be used as an estimate for a current year return. Alternatively, the estimation module 110 may employ more robust analytics than merely computing an average or mean value. In the context of this example, the estimation module 110 seeing that dividends appear to be increasing in value each year may attempt to find a function (e.g., linear or non-linear function) that fits the observable data and can be used to better estimate current year tax data. For example, in the above example, a curve fitting function may estimate current year dividend at $1,525 rather than the average value of $1,317.

The estimation module 110 may use other techniques to generate estimates. For example, the estimate module 110 may use pro-ration to arrive at an estimated number. For example, assume that the data capture utility 43 captures nine months of interest income for a taxpayer. The estimation module 110 may pro-rate this over a twelve month period to estimate a full year's worth of interest income. A similar technique may be used to estimate wage income by the estimation module 110. Execution of the estimation module 110, which may be a programmed subroutine as part of the tax preparation software 100 that is executed by a processor or controller as described herein.

Various data sources 48 may also be used by the estimation module 110 to provide estimated values. Data sources 48 may be used as inputs for the estimation module 110. Data that is obtained from the data sources 48 may be temporarily written or contained within the estimation module 110 or a storage area associated therewith prior to estimates being transferred to the data store 42. Data sources 48 include, for example, a financial data source 48 a, social media data source 48 b, credit data source 48 c, governmental agency data source 48 d, employer data source 48 e, third party data source 48 f, and user input 48 h as explained herein. The data capture utility 43 may be used to retrieve data that is provided to the estimation module 110.

Estimates may include numerical data (e.g., dividend income) but it may also include non-numerical data. For example, the estimation module 110 may estimate a user's tax filing status (e.g., married filing jointly) based on data that is obtained from one or more remotely located data sources 48. For example, the estimation module may make an inference on filing status based on postings made to an online social media account and entries made in a credit reporting database that are searched by the data capture utility 43.

It should also be understood that the estimation module 110 may rely on one or more inputs to arrive at an estimated value. For example, the estimation module 110 may rely on a combination of prior tax return data 48 g in addition to, for example, data obtained from a financial data source 48 a, social media data source 48 b, or the like to estimate a value or condition. This may result in more accurate estimations by relying on multiple, independent sources of information. The UI control 80 may be used in conjunction with the estimation module 110 to select those sources of data to be used by the estimation module 110. For example, user input 48 h will require input by the user of data using a user interface presentation 84. The UI control 80 may also be used to identify and select prior tax returns from prior tax return data 48 g. Likewise, user IDs and passwords may be needed for various data sources 48 in which case UI control 80 can be used in conjunction with the data capture utility 43 needed to obtain this information from the user.

In one embodiment of the invention, the estimated values or other estimated data provided by the estimation module 110 may be associated with one or more attributes 122 as illustrated in FIG. 9. The attributes 122 may indicate a label such as a source 124 or provenance of the estimated value (e.g., user input 48 h, prior tax return data 48 g, financial data source 48 a, social media data source 48 b, and the like). In the example of FIG. 9, a source ID 124 indicates the particular source of the data that is used for the field. For example, source ID 01 may correspond to user input 48 h. Source ID 03 may correspond to a data 48 g from a prior year tax return. Source ID 05 may correspond to an employer data source 48 e while source ID 06 corresponds to a credit data source 48 c.

The attributes 122 may also include a confidence level 126 associated with each estimated field. The confidence level 126 is indicative of the level of trustworthiness of the estimated user-specific tax data and may be expressed in a number of different ways. For example, confidence level 126 may be broken down to intervals (e.g., low, medium, high) with each estimated value given an associated label (e.g., L—low, M—medium, H, high). Alternatively, confidence levels 126 may be described along a continuum without specific ranges (e.g., range from 0.0 to 1.0 with 0.0 being no confidence and 1.0 with 100% confidence). The confidence level 126 may be assigned based on the source of the estimated user-specific tax data (e.g., source#1 is nearly always correct so estimated data obtained from this source will be automatically assigned a high confidence level).

In some embodiments, the estimation module 110 may acquire a plurality of estimates from different sources (e.g., user input 48 h, prior year tax return data 48 g, financial data sources 48 a, social media data sources 48 b) and only write the “best” estimate to the data store 42 (e.g., the source with the highest confidence level 126). Alternatively, the estimation module 110 may be configured to ignore data (e.g., sources) that have confidence levels 126 below a pre-determined threshold. For example, all “low” level data from a source may be ignored. Alternatively, all the data may be stored in the data store 42 including, for example, the attribute 122 of the confidence level 126 with each entry. The tax calculation engine 50 may ignore data entries having a confidence level below a pre-determined threshold. The estimation module 110 may generate a number of different estimates from a variety of different sources and then writes a composite estimate based on all the information from all the different sources. For example, sources having higher confidence levels 126 may be weighted more than other sources having lower confidence levels 126.

Still referring to FIG. 9, another attribute 122 may include a confirmation flag 128 that indicates that a taxpayer or user of the tax preparation software 100 has confirmed a particular entry. For example, confirmed entries may be given an automatic “high” confidence value as these are finalized by the taxpayer. Another attribute 122 may include a range of values 130 that expresses a normal or expected range of values for the particular data field. The range of values 130 may be used to identify erroneous estimates or data entry that appear to be incorrect because they fall outside an intended range of expected values. Some estimates, such as responses to Boolean expressions, do not have a range of values 130. In this example, for example, if the number of estimates dependents is more than five (5), the tax logic agent 60 may incorporate into the rules engine 64 attribute range information that can be used to provide non-binding suggestions to the UI control 80 recommending a question to ask the taxpayer about the high number of dependents (prompting user with “are you sure you have seven dependents”). Statistical data may also be used instead of specific value ranges to identify suspect data. For example, standard deviation may be used instead of a specific range. When a data field exhibits statistical deviation beyond a threshold level, the rules engine 64 may suggest a prompt or suggestion 66 to determine whether the entry is a legitimate or not. Additional details regarding methods and systems that are used to identify suspect electronic tax data may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 8,346,635 which is incorporated by reference herein.

In one embodiment, the data store 42 may receive data from multiple sources. For example, the data capture utility 43 may capture data that is transferred to the data store 42 while the estimation module 110 provides estimates 112 to the data store 42 for other portions of the schema 44. User input 48 h may also be transferred to the data store 42. The estimation module 110 may work in conjunction with the data capture utility 43 to capture relevant needed to populate the data store 42. For example, the data capture utility 43 may capture from a financial data source 48 a a number of dividend transactions occurring in an investment account throughout all or a portion of the tax year. The completed 1099-DIV tax form may not be available yet from the particular financial service provider that has the financial data source 48 a yet the estimation module 110 can be used to estimate the total dividend amount for the tax year and transfer the estimate 112 to the data store 42. As another example, the estimation module 110 may use prior tax return data 48 g to estimate values to be transferred to the data store 42.

It should be understood that the estimation module 110 not only can estimate values (i.e., numerical amounts) but the estimation module 110 is also able to estimate various states or conditions that have tax implications. For example, the estimation module 110 may be able to estimate or predict your tax filing status based on data found, for example, in credit data obtained in the credit data source 48 c or through analysis of a data contained within a social media data source 48 b (e.g., online profile status indicates married and estimation module 110 indicates to data store 42 that tax payer is filing jointly with a spouse).

Referring back to FIG. 8, in this embodiment, the tax logic agent 64 includes within or as part of the rules engine 64 attribute rules 129 that are incorporated and used to generate the non-binding suggestion. For example, as explained above, when an estimated value is input or otherwise transferred to the shared data structure 42, this estimated value may fall outside a generally accepted range of values. This may prompt the TLA 60 to suggest a confirmatory question to the UI control 80 to confirm the accuracy of the estimated value that has been obtained. Likewise, various data fields may be associated with a low level of confidence as seen in FIG. 9. Questions relating to tax topics that incorporate these low confidence fields may be promoted or otherwise ranked higher so that accurate values may be obtained from the taxpayer. Conversely, if a particular estimated tax field is associated with a high level of confidence, questions concerning this field may be demoted to a lower importance using the attribute rules 130. For example, multiple fields with a high level of confidence could be presented to the user in a single interview screen to confirm the accuracy of this information without the need to walk through individual questions.

In some embodiments, each estimated value produced by the estimation module 110 will need to be confirmed by the user using the UI control 80. For example, the user interface manager 82 may present estimated data fields to the user for confirmation or verification using a user interface presentation 84. In other embodiments, however, the user may override data using the user interface presentation 84. Some estimated data, for example, data having a high confidence level 126 may not need to be confirmed but can be assumed as accurate.

FIG. 10 illustrates an illustrative user interface presentation 84 on a computing device 102 that incorporates the attribute rules 130 to arrive a confidence level for tax calculations. The user interface presentation 84 appears on a screen 104 of the computing device 102. As seen in FIG. 10, the dollar amount of the calculated federal refund in listed along with the refund amount of the calculated state refund. The user interface presentation 84 includes a confidence level indicator 132. The confidence level indicator 132 indicates the overall or aggregate confidence level in the tax calculation. The tax calculation could include a refund amount as illustrated in FIG. 10 but it may also include a taxes due amount. In the example given in FIG. 10, the confidence level indicator 132 is expressed as a bar 134 in a bar meter type implementation.

The confidence level indicator 132 may take a number of different forms, however. For example, the confidence level indicator 132 may be in the form of a gauge or the like that such as that illustrated in FIG. 11. In the example, of FIG. 11, the confidence level indicator 132 is indicated as being “low.” Of course, the confidence level indicator 132 may also appear as a percentage (e.g., 0% being low confidence, 100% being high confidence) or as a text response (e.g., “low,” “medium,” and “high” or the like). Other graphic indicia may also be used for the confidence level indicator 132. For example, the color of a graphic may change or the size of the graphic may change as a function of level of confidence. Referring to FIG. 11, in this instance, the user interface presentation 84 may also include hyperlinked tax topics 136 that are the primary sources for the low confidence in the resulting tax calculation. For example, the reason that the low confidence is given is that there is low confidence in the amount listed on the taxpayer's W-2 form that has been automatically imported into the data store 42. This is indicated by the “LOW” designation that is associated with the “earned income” tax topic. In addition, in this example, there is low confidence in the amount of itemized deductions being claimed by a taxpayer. This is seen with the “LOW” designation next to the “deductions” tax topic. Hyperlinks 136 are provided on the screen so that the user can quickly be taken to and address the key drivers in the uncertainty in the calculated tax liability.

FIG. 12 illustrates the operations of one illustrative method for calculating tax liability according to an embodiment of the invention. In operation 1000, a user initiates the tax preparation software 100 on a computing device 102, 103, as seen, for example, in FIG. 13. The tax preparation software 100 may reside on the actual computing device 102 that the user interfaces with or, alternatively, the tax preparation software 100 may reside on a remote computing device 103 such as a server or the like as illustrated. In such an instances, the computing device 102 that is utilized by the user or tax payer communicates via the remote computing device 103 using an application 105 contained on the computing device 102. The tax preparation software 100 may also be run using conventional Internet browser software. Communication between the computing device 102 and the remote computing device 103 may occur over a wide area network such as the Internet. Communication may also occur over a private communication network (e.g., mobile phone network).

Referring back to FIG. 12, after initiating the tax preparation software 100, the tax preparation software 100, in operation 1100, executes the data capture utility 43. The data capture utility 43 connects to the one or more data sources 48 as described herein and captures (e.g., through screen scraping techniques) tax data and transfers the same to the data store 42. Note that the gathering of tax related data from the one or more data sources 48 may occur at the time the tax preparation software 100 is run. Alternatively, the gathering of tax related data from the one or more data sources 48 may occur over a period of time. For example, data sources 48 may be periodically queried over time (e.g., during a tax reporting year) whereby updated information is stored in a database (not shown) or the like that is then accessed by the tax preparation software 100. This option may improve the efficiency and speed of tax return preparation as the information is already available. Thus, in some embodiments, the data capture utility 43 may have captured data even prior to the current execution of the tax preparation software 1000.

In one embodiment, the data capture utility 43 provides the user via the user presentation 84 with a listing or grouping of different user accounts that can be searched by the data capture utility 43. In one aspect of the invention, the user selects his or her accounts that are to be queried by the data capture utility 43. For instance, a series of pull down menus can be provided on the user presentation for various categories of data sources 48. For example, a user may be provided with a listing of financial service providers (e.g., financial data source 48 a). These may include financial institutions where the user has a bank account, credit union account, investment account, and the like. The user can also select his or her social media accounts (e.g., social media data source 48 b). Likewise, the user may be asked to provide or select from a list his or her employer. Once the relevant data sources 48 have been identified, the user will enter his or her authentication credentials. Typically this includes, for example, a user ID and password. In other instances, the user may be asked for other information such as name, employee number, or social security number. FIG. 15 illustrates a view of a computer 102 and associated display that illustrates a number of different data sources 48 that have been selected to be interrogated by the data capture utility 43.

A user may be given the opportunity to select which data sources 48 they want accessed and searched for relevant tax related data that will be imported into the data store 42. A user may be asked to submit his or her account and password information for some data sources 48 using the UI control 80. Other data sources 48 such as some third party data sources 48 f or government agency data sources 48 d may be accessed without such information. Prior tax return information (e.g., prior return data source 48 g) may be found by the data capture utility 43 by, for example, searching a local storage device for designated file types. Of course, this search could also be performed on a remote or cloud based storage device that may have prior tax return data stored therein.

Still referring to FIG. 12, in one embodiment, the estimation module 110 is executed as seen in operation 1200 whereby one or more estimates are generated and transferred to the data store 43. It should be understood, however, that the estimation module 110 is an optional feature and may not be utilized in some embodiments. After the schema 44 is populated with the various captured and transferred data fields from the data sources 48, the tax calculation engine 50, using the calculation graphs 14, reads data from the data store 42, performs tax calculations, and writes back data to the data store 42 (operation 1300). The schema 44 may also be populated with estimates or educated guesses as explained herein using the estimation module 110 as described in the context of the embodiment of FIG. 8. In operation 1400, the tax logic agent 60 reads the run time data 62 which represents the instantiated representation of the canonical tax schema 44 at runtime. The tax logic agent 60 then utilizes the decision tables 30 to generate and send non-binding suggestions 66 to the UI control 80 as seen in operation 1500. Alternatively, the tax logic agent 60 may determine that completeness has been achieved across the tax topics in which case a done instruction may be delivered to the UI control as seen in operation 1600. The done instruction indicates that completeness has been achieved and a fileable tax return can be prepared based on the data contained within the data store 42. In operation 1610, a tax return is then generated by the tax preparation software 100 using, for example, the services engine 90. In the event the tax return that is generated is an electronic tax return, the tax preparation software 100 can then file the tax return with the appropriate taxing authorities as illustrated in operation 1620.

If there is not enough information in the data store 42 for fileable tax return, there is no “done” instruction and the process continues whereby the user interface manager 82 will then process the suggestion(s) 66 using the suggestion resolution element 88 for resolving of how to respond to the incoming non-binding suggestions 66 as seen in operation 1700. The user interface manager 82 then generate a user interface presentation 84 to the user as seen in operation 1800 whereby the user is presented with one or more prompts. The prompts may include questions, affirmations, confirmations, declaratory statements, and the like. The prompts are displayed on a screen 104 of the computing device 102 whereby the user can then respond to the same by using one or more input devices associated with the computing device 102 (e.g., keyboard, mouse, finger, stylus, voice recognition, etc.).

Still referring to FIG. 12, as seen in operation 1900, the response or responses (e.g., user inputs 18 h) that are given by the user of the tax preparation software 100 are then written back to the data store 42 to thereby update all appropriate fields of the schema 44. The process then continues with operation 1300 and proceeds as explained above until a completeness state has been reached and a done instruction is sent to the UI control 80.

FIG. 14 illustrates a schematic representation of one preferred embodiment of the invention in which user input via the user interface presentation 84 is minimized. As seen in FIG. 14, tax calculations 2000 are performed based on a number of inputs including data that is captured from the data capture utility 43 and, optionally, the estimation module 110. User inputs 48 h are input using the user interface presentation 84 that appears on the computing device 102, 103. It should be noted that tax calculations 2000 can be made even though there may be some missing data entry that is not incorporated into the tax calculation 2000. While the tax return may not be in a condition to be filed, the tax liability or a sub-component thereof (e.g., total itemized deductions, or gross income) can often be calculated. The manually entered user inputs 48 h are combined with the automatically gathered data from the data capture utility 43 and the optional estimation module 110. In one aspect of the invention, a large portion of data needed for the calculation and preparation of taxes is obtained by the data capture utility 43. For example, in one aspect of the invention, more than 20% of the user-specific data required to prepare a fileable tax return is obtained by the data capture utility 43. In other embodiments, this number is even higher (e.g., higher than 40%). The higher the percentage of data that is obtained by the data capture utility 43 translates into less manual entry of data using user input 48 h.

The user input 48 h aspect may be minimized by first populating relevant fields using data obtained from the data capture utility 43 or estimates 112 provided by the estimate module 110. The user input 48 h may be used to input missing data that was not otherwise obtained. User input 48 h, however, may also be used to verify estimates or verify sourced data. For example, prior to being incorporated into tax calculations (e.g., stored within the data store 42), the user may be prompted to accept, reject, or alter the values of data obtained from the data capture utility 43 or estimates 112 generated by the estimate module 110. User 48 h may also be used to resolve conflicts. For example, the data capture utility 43 may obtain sourced data 48 that may conflict with estimates 112 and user input 48 h may be required to resolve the conflict. User input 48 h may also be used to accept or reject sourced data from the data capture utility 43 or estimates 112. For example, a user may know that a particular estimate 112 is incorrect and plans to input this particular value manually. FIG. 14 illustrates that after sufficient data has been entered manually, captured using the data capture utility 43, or estimated via estimation module 110, no additional data is required to compute a user's tax liability as illustrated in operation 2100. The tax preparation software 100 can then prepare and file (if e-file form) the tax return with the appropriate tax authorities as illustrated in operation 2200.

FIG. 15 illustrates a computing device 102 that is used in one mode to select the various accounts that will be accessed by the data capture utility 43. In this example, the computing device 102 has a display 104 whereby the user will identify, select, or input her account information for various accounts that will be accessed by the data capture utility 43. In one optional embodiment, the user will be presented with listing or pull down menu of available sources that be accessed by the data capture utility 43. The sources may be grouped or otherwise organized by type (e.g., banking accounts, investment accounts, social media accounts, etc.). In the example illustrated in FIG. 15, the user has entered her authentication information for a bank account 200, an investment account 202, two social media accounts 204, 206, and information pertaining to her employer 208.

As seen in FIG. 15, the computing device 102 connected to a remote computing device 103 that is running the tax preparation software 100 via a network connection via a wide area network 205 such as the Internet. In this configuration, the local computing device 102 may connect to the remote computing device 103 using an application or using, for example, a browser utility. In this embodiment, the remote computing device 103 executes the data capture utility 43 which accesses the various online accessible accounts that include data sources 48 a, 48 b, 48 c, 48 d, 48 e, and 48 f. For example, financial data source 48 a is accessed to capture tax data obtained from the CHASE banking account 200. Social media data sources 48 b are accessed by the data capture utility 43 for the two social media accounts 204, 206. Credit data source 48 c may be searched without any user authentication provided by the user. The same applies to government agency data source 48 d and third party data source 48 f. In this example, an employer data source 48 e is searched by the data capture utility 43 because the user provided information on her employer 208.

Still referring to FIG. 15, the data capture utility 43 accesses the data sources 48 a, 48 b, 48 c, 48 d, 48 e, and 48 f and collects the relevant financial and/or personal data for the user and transfers this information to the data store 42. As explained herein, this can be accomplished using screen scraping techniques or specialized bots or crawling programs, or an API and extract this information. In the example illustrated in FIG. 15, the data capture utility 43 captures and stores within the data store 42 interest income 210, capital gains 212, dividend income 214, W-2 income 216, filing status 218, and also establishes a flag 220 for a possible mortgage deduction for the taxpayer.

As one can see from this example, a wide variety of tax-related data is obtained from a number of disparate sources using the data capture utility 43. This data is now available within the data store 42 such that tax computations can be performed without need for the user to manually enter these entries into the tax software program 100. In addition, as seen in the example of FIG. 15, a flag 220 has been established with respect to whether the user can take advantage of a mortgage deduction. This flag 220 may be set when the data capture utility 43 finds one or more indicia of home ownership. For example, the data capture utility 43 may search the social media data sources 48 b and find a posting that includes the text “our new home.”

The data capture utility 43 may trigger the flag 220 which indicates that there may be one or more tax deductions or credits available to the user that relate to homeownership. In another example, the data capture utility 43 may search a credit data source 48 c that indicates that the owner has a mortgage associate with her credit report. The flag 220 may be set because of this discovery by the data capture utility 43. The data capture utility 43 may trigger flags based on text comparisons or searching performed on obtained data from data sources 48. The data capture utility 43 may also trigger flags 218 based on numerical amounts, codes, and identifiers contained or associated with data in the data sources 48. For example, a high loan balance may be indicative of a mortgage even though there may be no text associated within the balance in a data source 48.

Still referring to FIG. 15, the TLA 60 is illustrated as posing a suggestion 66 to the user based on the flag 220. In this example, the suggested question is “did you purchase a home this past year” which is presented to the user. This question was prompted by the discovery of data by the data capture utility 43 that would tend to indicate that the user moved into a new home within the current tax year. While the above-example has been given in the context of home ownership it is not so limited. For example, social media data sources 48 b corresponding to social media accounts 204, 206 can be searched to determine whether the user changed jobs during a tax year. For example, the employment history of the user's LINKED-IN social media account 206 may be mined where dates of employment indicate that the user held multiple jobs during the tax year. The data capture utility 43 can then issue a flag 220 that would alert the software program 100 (e.g., TLA 60) that questions about multiple jobs held by the user should be asked to the user.

FIG. 16 illustrates another mode of the invention. In this embodiment, the user has an account with personal finance software 250 such as MINT. MINT is an online-based personal finance software program 250 that runs using a remotely accessible computer 252 via a browser or application. In this example, the user is prompted via a user interface 254 as illustrated in FIG. 16 for the tax preparation software 100 to enter his or her MINT ID and password. Personal financial software such as MINT is already linked to various personal accounts such as banking, investment, property, debt, and the like. In this embodiment, the data capture utility 43 executed by the remote computing device 103 can capture personal financial information from data that is already collected (e.g., scrapped) by the personal finance software 250. Typically, personal finance software 250 such as MINT will periodically access the designated online accounts to pull account balance information as well as recent transactions which can then be viewed by the user.

In this example, the process is streamlined in that the user does not have to enter the ID and password for each account as was done in the mode of FIG. 15. Instead, the user enters a login ID and password for the personal finance software program 250 and the data capture utility 43 is able to capture and transfer the relevant data to the data store 42. Of course, there may be still other data sources 48 that have relevant information that is not already linked or captured by the personal finance software program 250. In such situations, the user can identify those accounts as was described in the context of FIG. 15 whereby the data capture utility 43 can then capture and transfer relevant tax data to the data store 42. In the embodiment of FIG. 16, the data capture utility 43 has captured several relevant fields used in computing a tax liability. These include long term capital gains 260, short term capital gains 262, mortgage interest 264, and property taxes 266. A flag 268 has been set about moving expenses. For example, in this particular example, the data capture utility 43 may have found that during the tax year the user moved residence locations. This may be discovered through data obtained in a credit data source 48 c or social media data source 48 b. If the change in residence was caused due to job change and otherwise met the required IRS rules, some of these expenses could be deductible. As shown in this example, a proposed question 66 is generated by the TLA 60 to ask the user about whether he or she moved due to a new job.

FIGS. 17 and 18 illustrate another embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, user-related information is collected by a secondary data capture utility 270 (seen in FIG. 18) run on computer 272 that is independent from the data capture utility 43 associated with the tax preparation software program 100. Other elements similar to that illustrated in FIG. 16 retain the same element numbers in FIG. 17. The secondary data capture utility 270 does not require any input from a user to run or operate and in this regard is independent of any user input. As seen in operation 2500 of FIG. 17 and illustrated in the system of FIG. 18, the secondary data capture utility 270 captures user-related tax data and stores the same in a storage area 274. As seen in FIG. 18, storage area 274 may be accessible by the remote computer 103 such that information that is stored in the storage area 274 may be transferred or copied to the data store 42. The user-related tax data may be stored, for example, in a database or other storage area known to those skilled in the art. The user-related tax data may be obtained from publicly available data sources 48 or paid data sources such as a third party data source 48 f or a credit data source 48 c. Publicly available data sources 48 may include, by way of illustration and not limitation, social media data sources 48 b, government agency data sources 48 d, blog posts, web postings, web clippings, and the like.

In this embodiment, a tax logic agent 280 operates on the stored data contained in the storage area 274 to determine a degree of completeness for a particular tax return as seen by operation 2600 in FIG. 17. The degree of completeness refers to how much data has been gathered by the secondary data capture utility 270 as compared to the total data required to file a complete tax return. For example, in one particular embodiment, the secondary data capture utility 270 may be able to acquire 20% of the data needed to file a completed tax return. This 20% may be based, for example, on the data required to complete a fileable tax return as determined by the completeness graphs 12 as explained herein. In this embodiment, it may be preferably to acquire as much data as possible about the user so as to limit any subsequent manual entry or necessity to enter user account and password information as described in prior embodiments. For example, while 20% was given in the example listed herein, it may be preferable to have even a higher percentage captured by the secondary data capture utility 270.

Still referring to FIG. 17, in operation 2700, the user or potential user is notified of the degree of completeness via a message 276. For example, a user or potential user may receive an electronic notification such as an e-mail, text, pop-up message, voicemail message, SMS text, proprietary text (e.g., WhatsApp), Tweet using a service such as Twitter, or the like that indicates the degree of completeness that has been achieved by data obtained from the secondary data capture utility 270. This notification may be communicated by either the remote computer 103 or the computer 272 running the secondary data capture utility 270. The message 276 may be communicated by a message utility or program that is executed by the remote computer 103 or the computer 272. The notification may arise as a pop-up message 276 that is seen in the screen of a user that is visiting a website for the tax preparation software 100. Alternatively, the message 276 may be seen when a user is accessing his or her financial management software. For example, a user or potential user may receive a message 276 as illustrated in FIG. 18 that says “we completed 28% of your tax return for you, would you like to continue working on your return.” The message 276 does not necessarily have to include a numerical indicator of completeness (e.g., a percentage or other numerical indicator). The message 276 may also just generally describe the degree of completion. For example, the message 276 may say that “some” or “most” of the data required to prepare and file a tax return has already been obtained. This message could be sent to pre-existing users of the tax preparation software 100. Alternatively, this message could be sent to persons who do not already use tax preparation software 100 and may be a marketing tool to encourage user to purchase or obtain a subscription to use the tax preparation software 100. For example, a potential user knowing that a portion of his or her tax return is already completed may find such an option particularly attractive.

As seen in FIG. 17, the process may continue with the operations outlines in FIG. 12. For example, the user may purchase or subscribe to the tax preparation software 100 and then use the primary data capture utility 43 to obtain user related tax data that was not already obtained by the secondary data capture utility 270. Alternatively, the user may already have purchased or subscribed to the tax preparation software 100 and the user may just be notified that a portion of his or her tax return has already been completed as now available now for access.

Note that in an alternative embodiment, the data capture utility 43 of the remote computer 103 that contains the tax preparation software 100 may be used in lieu of the secondary data capture utility 270. In such an alternative embodiment, the data obtained thereby may be stored in the data store 42. In this alternative embodiment, the computer 272 may be omitted entirely with the remote computer 103 and software contained therein running all operations. In this embodiment, the TLA 60 may be used to determine degree of completeness.

FIG. 19 illustrates another embodiment of the system. In this embodiment, which shares certain aspects of the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 16 and is numbered consistently employs estimation module 110 as described herein that is stored within the data store 42. In this embodiment, the data capture utility 43 captures data from one or more data sources 48 a-48 g. In this embodiment, the estimation module 110 is used as described in the FIG. 8 such that one or more of the entries in the data store 42 are populated with estimates 290. FIG. 19 illustrates an example selection of entries in the data store 42 whereby dividend income and interest income are estimated. The estimates 290 may be based on data obtained from one or more of the data sources 48 a-48 g. For example, prior return data 48 g may be analyzed to determine estimated values. Of course, other data sources 48 may also be used. As seen in FIG. 19 estimates that populate the data store 42 may be used to calculate a degree of completeness as is disclosed in FIG. 17. For example, the data capture utility 43 may capture and transfer some data to the data store 42 while other data that populates the data store 42 may be estimated by the estimation module 110. The user may be provided with a message 292 such as “we estimated or completed 50% of your federal tax return. Would you like to continue?” A user may be able to click on the hyperlinked “continue” that would then execute or open the tax preparation software 100.

FIG. 20 generally illustrates components of a computing device 102, 103 that may be utilized to execute the software for automatically calculating or determining tax liability and preparing an electronic or paper return based thereon. The components of the computing device 102 include a memory 300, program instructions 302, a processor or controller 304 to execute program instructions 302, a network or communications interface 306, e.g., for communications with a network or interconnect 308 between such components. The computing device 102, 103 may include a server, a personal computer, laptop, tablet, mobile phone, or other portable electronic device. The memory 300 may be or include one or more of cache, RAM, ROM, SRAM, DRAM, RDRAM, EEPROM and other types of volatile or non-volatile memory capable of storing data. The processor unit 304 may be or include multiple processors, a single threaded processor, a multi-threaded processor, a multi-core processor, or other type of processor capable of processing data. Depending on the particular system component (e.g., whether the component is a computer or a hand held mobile communications device), the interconnect 308 may include a system bus, LDT, PCI, ISA, or other types of buses, and the communications or network interface may, for example, be an Ethernet interface, a Frame Relay interface, or other interface. The interface 306 may be configured to enable a system component to communicate with other system components across a network which may be a wireless or various other networks. It should be noted that one or more components of the computing device 102, 103 may be located remotely and accessed via a network. Accordingly, the system configuration illustrated in FIG. 20 is provided to generally illustrate how embodiments may be configured and implemented.

Method embodiments may also be embodied in, or readable from, a computer-readable medium or carrier, e.g., one or more of the fixed and/or removable data storage data devices and/or data communications devices connected to a computer. Carriers may be, for example, magnetic storage medium, optical storage medium and magneto-optical storage medium. Examples of carriers include, but are not limited to, a floppy diskette, a memory stick or a flash drive, CD-R, CD-RW, CD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-RW, or other carrier now known or later developed capable of storing data. The processor 304 performs steps or executes program instructions 302 within memory 300 and/or embodied on the carrier to implement method embodiments.

Embodiments, however, are not so limited and implementation of embodiments may vary depending on the platform utilized. Accordingly, embodiments are intended to exemplify alternatives, modifications, and equivalents that may fall within the scope of the claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method executed by a first computing device in communication with a second computing device of a user and in communication with one or more remotely located data sources through respective networks, the computer-implemented method, comprising: before a computerized tax return preparation application is opened by an end user of the second computing apparatus accessing the first computing apparatus through a network, the first computing device, by execution of a modular data capture utility of a computerized tax return preparation application: connecting to one or more remotely located data sources through one or more networks, capturing user-specific tax data from the one or more remotely located data sources, and storing the captured user-specific tax data in a shared data store of the computerized tax return preparation application; the first computing device, by execution of a modular logic agent of the computerized tax return preparation application in communication with the shared data store and a modular user interface controller, reading the user-specific tax data from the shared data store and determining a degree of completeness of an electronic tax return based on the user-specific tax data contained within the shared data store and retrieved by the modular data capture utility; the first computing device generating an electronic message indicating the degree of completeness of the electronic tax return, wherein the electronic message is presented through a display of the second computing device and includes a hyperlink selectable by the user through the second computing device to launch the computerized tax return preparation application to continue preparation of the electronic tax return; the first computing device receiving user input submitted through the second computing device and comprising selection of the hyperlink of the electronic message; in response to receiving the user input, the first computing device executing the computerized tax return application such that the computerized tax return preparation application is opened by the user of the second computing device to continue preparation of electronic tax return referenced in the electronic message; after the computerized tax return preparation application has been opened by the second computing device to continue preparation of the electronic tax return, the first computing device, by the modular user interface controller of the computerized tax return preparation application, prompting the user for entry of additional user-specific data that was not previously stored to the shared data store by the modular data capture utility, wherein questions for prompting the user are selected based at least in part upon the user-specific data read by the modular logic agent from the shared data store and a first data structure comprising respective rows defining respective rules and respective columns defining respective questions, and writing respective responses to respective questions to the shared data store to update the shared data store, the first computing device, by execution of the modular logic agent of the computerized tax return preparation application, determining that all conditions have been satisfied for completeness of the electronic tax return based on a completeness graph, and the first computing device, by executing a modular calculation engine of the computerized tax return preparation application in communication with the shared data store, reading the user-specific tax data from the shared data store and that was previously written to the shared data store by the modular data capture utility and the modular user interface controller, and determining an intermediate or final calculation of the electronic tax return based at least in part upon a second data structure comprising an intermediate node, the intermediate node comprising a function and leaf nodes of the completeness graph.
 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the electronic message comprises one of an e-mail message, a voicemail message, a text message, a SMS message, a Tweet, or a pop-up message.
 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the one or more remotely located data sources comprise a mix of paid and non-paid data sources.
 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the one or more remotely located data sources comprises a financial data source for the user.
 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the one or more remotely located data sources comprise a social media data source for the user.
 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the one or more remotely located data sources comprise a credit data source.
 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the one or more remotely located data sources comprises a government agency data source.
 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the one or more remotely located data sources comprises a data source of a computerized financial management program.
 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the tax data comprises non-numerical data.
 10. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the data capture utility comprises a screen scraping utility.
 11. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the data capture utility comprises a web crawler.
 12. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the data capture utility comprises an Application Programming Interface (API) that is utilized by the first computing device to connect to the one or more remotely located data sources.
 13. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising the first computing device executing a services engine configured to prepare and electronically file the electronic tax return with a computer of a tax authority through a network. 